![]() Up to one-third of people with concussion experience longer or persisting concussion symptoms, also known as post concussion syndrome or persisting symptoms after concussion, which is defined as concussion symptoms lasting for 4 weeks or longer in children and adolescents, and symptoms lasting for more than 14 days in an adult. Delayed onset of symptoms may still be serious and require a medical assessment. Symptoms may appear immediately or be delayed by 1–2 days. ![]() Video explanation of concussions in children Signs and symptomsĬoncussion symptoms vary between people and include physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Repeated concussions may also increase the risk in later life of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Parkinson's disease and depression. Another concussion before the symptoms of a prior concussion have resolved is associated with worse outcomes. Males and young adults are most commonly affected. Concussions are classified as mild traumatic brain injuries and are the most common type of TBIs. Worldwide, concussions are estimated to affect more than 3.5 per 1,000 people a year. ![]() Evidence to support the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and chiropractic therapy is lacking. Physiotherapy may be useful for persisting balance problems, headache, or whiplash cognitive behavioral therapy may be useful for mood changes. Prescribed aerobic exercise may improve recovery. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or NSAIDs may be recommended to help with a headache. ![]() Prolonged periods of rest may slow recovery and result in greater depression and anxiety. Treatment includes physical and mental rest for 1–2 days, with a gradual step-wise return to activities, school, and work. Prevention of concussions includes the use of a helmet when bicycling or motorbiking. Routine imaging is not required to diagnose concussion. Diagnostic imaging such as a CT scan or an MRI may be required to rule out severe head injuries. Glasgow coma scale score 13 to 15, loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, and memory loss for less than 24 hours may be used to rule out moderate or severe traumatic brain injuries. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical provider working in their scope of practice (such as a physician or nurse practitioner) is required to rule out life-threatening head injuries, injuries to the cervical spine, and neurological conditions and to use information obtained from the medical evaluation to diagnose a concussion. This is believed to result in neuron dysfunction, as there are increased glucose requirements, but not enough blood supply. The mechanism of injury involves either a direct blow to the head or forces elsewhere on the body that are transmitted to the head. Risk factors include physical violence, drinking alcohol and a prior history of concussion. Ĭommon causes include motor vehicle collisions, falls, sports injuries, and bicycle accidents. Fewer than 10% of sports-related concussions among children are associated with loss of consciousness. It is not unusual for symptoms to last 2 weeks in adults and 4 weeks in children. Symptoms of a concussion may be delayed by 1–2 days after the accident. Concussion should be suspected if a person indirectly or directly hits their head and experiences any of the symptoms of concussion. Any of these symptoms may begin immediately, or appear days after the injury. ![]() Symptoms may include loss of consciousness memory loss headaches difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance nausea blurred vision dizziness sleep disturbances, and mood changes. Physical and cognitive rest for a day or two with a gradual return to activities Ī concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury ( mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. Head protection equipment, like hard hats, gridiron football, martial arts, motorcycle, or bicycle helmets Physical violences, drinking alcohol, playing contact sports such as American football, playing martial arts such as muay thai, previous history of concussion Motor vehicle collisions, falls, sports injuries, bicycle accidents Headache trouble with thinking, memory, or concentration nausea blurry vision sleep disturbances mood changes Ĭhronic traumatic encephalopathy, Parkinson's disease, depression, post-concussion syndrome Mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), mild head injury (MHI), minor head traumaĪcceleration (g-forces) can exert rotational forces in the brain, especially the midbrain and diencephalon. ![]()
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